Although the rate of cocaine use among the African American population is much lower than the rest of the country, it is important to note that this statistic includes the use of both powder and crack cocaine.
Studies examining the use of specific forms of cocaine show that African Americans are more likely to use crack than any other ethnic group in the United States. A recent study indicates a much higher rate of lifetime crack cocaine use among African Americans (4.6%) compared to Caucasians (3.7%) and Hispanics (2.3%).3
Reason 11.1 Crack
Cracking the vapour of liquid paraffin over a heated catalyst produces a mixture of gaseous short-chain hydrocarbons, which can be collected and tested for unsaturation with bromine water in this experiment. This models the industrial process of cracking larger hydrocarbons to produce smaller alkanes for petrol
The demand for petrol is greater than the gasoline fraction obtained by distilling crude oil. Cracking larger hydrocarbons produces smaller alkanes that can be converted into petrol. It also produces small alkenes, which are used make many other useful organic chemicals (petrochemicals), especially plastics. This experiment models the industrial cracking process.
In every demographic group, the effects of drug use and drug abuse are felt. Addiction is a disease that is present in every racial group and at every socioeconomic level. However, it is important to note that drug abuse and the prevalence of substance use disorders differ across racial groups. This is not due to some innate or automatic reason but instead is largely due to external factors.
There are many reasons for the differences in drug use by race. These can include cultural factors, poverty, social and economic disadvantages, and historical trauma. All of these factors play a role in drug use and abuse, as people use substances to cope with the stress and pain that they are experiencing.
These disparities exist because of the way that drug laws are enforced. For example, crack cocaine is typically associated with African Americans, while powder cocaine is associated with whites. However, the sentencing guidelines for possession of these drugs are vastly different, with much harsher penalties for crack cocaine. This has led to a situation where African Americans are more likely to be arrested and sentenced to prison for drug offenses, even though there is no difference in drug use by race.
The cultural taboos around drug use also play a role in disparities by race. Substance abuse is often seen as a moral failing, and this is especially true for drugs that are associated with violence or addiction, like crack cocaine. This can make it harder for people of color to seek help for drug abuse, as they may be seen as criminals rather than victims.
Understanding the wall element stiffness formulation used in RAM Frame is key to understanding how the cracked factors are applied. The wall element stiffness formulation is discussed in Section 7.6.4 of the RAM Frame Analysis Manual v17.03. The shells used in the program are 4-sided elements with 6 degrees of freedom at each node. When determining the element stiffness, the stiffness associated with these degrees of freedom are separated into a membrane stiffness matrix and a plate bending stiffness matrix. The membrane stiffness include stiffness associated with the two in-plane translational degrees of freedom and the drilling degree of freedom (in-plane rotation). The plate stiffness matrix includes stiffness associated with the remaining two rotational degrees of freedom and the out-of-plane translational degree of freedom. The membrane cracked section factor is applied to membrane stiffness matrix and affects in-plane translational (horizontal and vertical) and in-plane rotation. The plate cracked section factor is applied to the plate bending stiffness matrix and affects out-of-plane rotations and translation. Note that the out-of-plane stiffness can also be completely ignored in the Ram Frame analysis under Criteria - General - Wall Element by unchecking the option to "Include out-of-plane stiffness (bending)":
When a wall opening is used the area above the opening is meshed along with the rest of the wall using shell elements and using the mesh parameters set under Criteria - General. The beam is assigned the same properties and cracked section factors as the rest of the wall.
Generally speaking this approach gives you the stiffest overall wall compared to other methods. For that reason it's preferred for beams that are fairly stout, i.e. when the depth of the beam is > 1/4 the span.
There are many reasons why a lateral wall analyzed in Ram Frame (or any wall analyzed in Ram Concrete) may resist major axis in-plane shear forces and overturning moments from vertically applied gravity loads.
A. If any person shall conspire, confederate or combine with another or others in the Commonwealth to go upon or remain upon the lands, buildings or premises of another, or any part, portion or area thereof, having knowledge that any of them have been forbidden, either orally or in writing, to do so by the owner, lessee, custodian or other person lawfully in charge thereof, or having knowledge that any of them have been forbidden to do so by a sign or signs posted on such lands, buildings, premises or part, portion or area thereof at a place or places where it or they may reasonably be seen, he shall be deemed guilty of a Class 3 misdemeanor.
If any person be stricken or poisoned in this Commonwealth, and die by reason thereof out of this Commonwealth, the offender shall be as guilty, and shall be prosecuted and punished, as if the death had occurred in the county or corporation in which the stroke or poison was given or administered.
A. Any person who actively participates in or is a member of a criminal street gang and who knowingly and willfully participates in any predicate criminal act committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with any criminal street gang shall be guilty of a Class 5 felony. However, if such participant in or member of a criminal street gang is age eighteen years or older and knows or has reason to know that such criminal street gang also includes a juvenile member or participant, he shall be guilty of a Class 4 felony.
B. Any person who, in order to encourage an individual (a) to join a criminal street gang, (b) to remain as a participant in or a member of a criminal street gang, or (c) to submit to a demand made by a criminal street gang to commit a felony violation of this title, (i) uses force against the individual or a member of his family or household or (ii) threatens force against the individual or a member of his family or household, which threat would place any person in reasonable apprehension of death or bodily injury, is guilty of a Class 6 felony. The definition of "family or household member" set forth in 16.1-228 applies to this section.
C. Any person who, with the intent to (i) intimidate the civilian population, (ii) influence the conduct or activities of the government of the United States, a state or locality through intimidation, (iii) compel the emergency evacuation of any place of assembly, building or other structure or any means of mass transportation, or (iv) place any person in reasonable apprehension of bodily harm, uses, sells, gives, distributes or manufactures any device or material that by its design, construction, content or characteristics appears to be or appears to contain a weapon of terrorism, but that is an imitation of any such weapon of terrorism is guilty of a Class 6 felony.
If any person maliciously causes bodily injury to another by any means including the means set out in 18.2-52, with intent to maim, disfigure, disable or kill, and knowing or having reason to know that such other person is a law-enforcement officer, as defined hereinafter, firefighter, as defined in 65.2-102, search and rescue personnel as defined hereinafter, or emergency medical services personnel, as defined in 32.1-111.1 engaged in the performance of his public duties as a law-enforcement officer, firefighter, search and rescue personnel, or emergency medical services personnel, such person is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment for a period of not less than five years nor more than 30 years and, subject to subdivision (g) of 18.2-10, a fine of not more than $100,000. Upon conviction, the sentence of such person shall include a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of two years.
If any person unlawfully, but not maliciously, with the intent aforesaid, causes bodily injury to another by any means, knowing or having reason to know such other person is a law-enforcement officer, firefighter, as defined in 65.2-102, search and rescue personnel, or emergency medical services personnel, engaged in the performance of his public duties as a law-enforcement officer, firefighter, search and rescue personnel, or emergency medical services personnel as defined in 32.1-111.1, he is guilty of a Class 6 felony, and upon conviction, the sentence of such person shall include a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of one year.
B. It shall be unlawful for an accused, probationer or parolee under the supervision of, or being investigated by, (i) a probation or parole officer whose powers and duties are defined in 16.1-237 or 53.1-145, (ii) a local pretrial services officer associated with an agency established pursuant to Article 5 ( 19.2-152.2) of Chapter 9 of Title 19.2, or (iii) a local community-based probation officer associated with an agency established pursuant to Article 9 ( 9.1-173 et seq.) of Chapter 1 of Title 9.1, to knowingly and willfully inflict bodily injury on such officer while he is in the performance of his duty, knowing or having reason to know that the officer is engaged in the performance of his duty.
C. In addition, if any person commits an assault or an assault and battery against another knowing or having reason to know that such other person is a judge, a magistrate, a law-enforcement officer as defined in subsection F, a correctional officer as defined in 53.1-1, a person directly involved in the care, treatment, or supervision of inmates in the custody of the Department of Corrections or an employee of a local or regional correctional facility directly involved in the care, treatment, or supervision of inmates in the custody of the facility, a person directly involved in the care, treatment, or supervision of persons in the custody of or under the supervision of the Department of Juvenile Justice, an employee or other individual who provides control, care, or treatment of sexually violent predators committed to the custody of the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services, a firefighter as defined in 65.2-102, or a volunteer firefighter or any emergency medical services personnel member who is employed by or is a volunteer of an emergency medical services agency or as a member of a bona fide volunteer fire department or volunteer emergency medical services agency, regardless of whether a resolution has been adopted by the governing body of a political subdivision recognizing such firefighters or emergency medical services personnel as employees, engaged in the performance of his public duties anywhere in the Commonwealth, such person is guilty of a Class 6 felony, and, upon conviction, the sentence of such person shall include a mandatory minimum term of confinement of six months. 2ff7e9595c
Commenti